Pakistan’s use of armed drones has become a significant aspect of its counterterrorism strategy. While primarily focused on tackling domestic and regional militant groups, recent events highlight the evolving role of drone strikes in managing border tensions with Iran and Afghanistan.
Pakistan’s drone program originated in the fight against the Taliban and al-Qaeda following the 9/11 attacks. The US provided crucial assistance with drone technology and intelligence, allowing Pakistan to target militants in Afghanistan’s border regions, particularly North Waziristan.
This focus continued within Pakistan, with drone strikes targeting strongholds of the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in the restive province of Balochistan. These strikes have yielded some success in disrupting militant activities and eliminating leadership figures. However, civilian casualties and accusations of extrajudicial killings have also marred these operations.
Recent Escalation: Drone Strikes Against Iran and Afghanistan
A new dimension emerged in 2023 with cross-border drone strikes between Pakistan and Iran. Both countries accuse each other of harbouring militant groups operating on their soil. Pakistan launched drone strikes targeting Baloch separatists belonging to the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) allegedly taking refuge in Iranian territory. Iran retaliated with similar strikes against suspected Iranian Baloch militants operating from within Pakistan.
The situation in Afghanistan adds another layer of complexity. Following the Taliban takeover, Pakistan conducted drone strikes targeting the TTP within Afghan territory. The Taliban government has condemned these strikes, demanding Pakistan respect Afghan sovereignty.
Unanswered Questions: Location, Effectiveness, and Future Implications
The exact locations of Pakistan’s drone bases remain undisclosed, but they are believed to be situated in the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan. The results of these drone campaigns are mixed. While they have achieved some success in eliminating militants, concerns persist regarding civilian casualties, potential escalation of regional tensions, and the long-term effectiveness of curbing militancy.
Moving Forward: Balancing Security Needs and Transparency
Pakistan faces a complex challenge in using drones. It needs to balance legitimate security concerns with the need to minimise civilian casualties and maintain positive relations with its neighbours. Increased transparency around drone strikes, along with robust investigations into civilian casualties, could help mitigate some of the negative perceptions associated with this controversial program.
The future of Pakistan’s drone use hinges on finding a way to effectively target militants while minimizing civilian harm and avoiding unintended consequences in its already tense regional relationships.